· Etiketler
| NONPROGRESSIVE |
PROGRESSIVE |
| think "sanmak,
zannetmek' |
think "düşünmek" |
| I think she is a student. |
I'm thinking about going abroad next year. |
| I think they will visit us next week. |
She is thinking about her family. |
| see "görmek' |
see "görüşmek" |
| Right now,
I'm looking out of the window, and I see lots of people in the street. |
The doctor is
seeing his patient now. The manager is seeing the applicant now. |
| smell "kokmak" |
smell "koklamak' |
| This perfume
smells very nice. These
flowers smell awful. |
Look! Mother is
smelling the flowers. Why are you smelling
the milk? |
| taste (bir nesnenin tadından söz ediyorsak) |
taste "tadına
bakmak' |
| This soup tastes awful. I can't eat it. (Çorbanın tadı berbat.) The dinner
looks bad but tastes delicious. (Yemeğin görüntüsü
kötü ama tadı güzel.) |
Look! The judges are tasting my dish right now. I can't
wait to hear the result. |
| feel (bir
nesnenin bize verdiği duyguyu ifade
ederken; "sezinlemek, ummak" anlamında) |
1 feel better now./I'm feeling better now. (Şimdi kendimi daha iyi
hissediyorum.) |
| This pillow feels very hard. (This pillow is very hard./Bu yastık çok sert.) I feel (that) something bad will happen. (Kötü bir şeylerin olacağını hissediyorum.) |
2 feel better now./I'm feeling better now. (Şimdi kendimi daha iyi
hissediyorum.) |
| look "gibi görünmek' |
look "bakmak' |
| You look ill. You'd better go home. |
Why are you looking
out of the window? |
| That ladder doesn't
look safe. |
appear "(ortaya)
çıkmak' |
| appear "gibi
görünmek" |
The comedian is
appearing nightly at the Broken Door club. |
| The teacher appears to be in a bad mood today.
She appears to be bored
with the film. |
weigh "tartmak" |
| weigh
(bir nesnenin ağırlığını söylerken) |
The butcher is
weighing the meat now. |
| The baby weighs six kilograms. |
be (konuşma anında bir değişimi
ifade ederken am/is/are being) |
| be (genel bir durum ifade ederken am, is, are) |
You are being rude. (Kabalaşıyorsun.) (Kişinin konuşma
sırasında kaba davrandığını belirtir. "Kabalık" kişinin genel bir
özelliği olmayabilir.) |
| You are very rude. (Çok kabasın.) |
have (eylem bildiriyorsa) |
| (Kişinin genelde kaba biri olduğunu belirtir.) |
She is
having breakfast now. |
| have (sahiplik bildiriyorsa) |
Father can't come to the phone.
He is having |
| I don't have much
money now. She has two
brothers |
a shower
right now. |
Sahiplik bildiren "have/has"
I have two sisters. =
I don't have
any brothers. =
She has a car. =
She doesn't
have a bike. =
Do you have any nephews?=
Yes, I do.
No, I don't.
Does
she have a boat? =
Yes, she does. =
No, she doesn't. =
"have
got/has gol" biçiminde de kullanılır.
I have got two sisters.
I haven't got any
brothers.
She has got a
car
She hasn't got a bike.
Have you got any nephews?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven't.
Has she got a boat?
Yes, she has.
No, she hasn't.
EXERCISE 1: Use either the Simple Present or the Present Progressive of
the verbs given In parentheses.
1. A: What.................. you (do) ................. here in the kitchen?
B:
I (taste) ............................. the soup to see if it (have) ................................
enough salt.
2. A: ................... you
(know) ...................... the woman who (talk) ........................ to
Peter over there?
B:
No, I (not recognize) .............................. her, but I (suppose)
...................................... that
she is his guest from Germany.
3. A: Hi! How are you?
B: Fine! Why.................. you
(whisper) .................................. ?
A: The baby (sleep) .............................. and I (try)
.............................. not to wake
her.
B:
Oh. Which room .............. she (s7eep) ..................... in?
A: Upstairs, in my bedroom.
B: Well, I (not think) ............................... we (be) ............................. close
enough to disturb her, anyway.
4. A: Why............ you (take) ................ your umbrella? It (not, rain) .........................
B: I (always, take) ............................. it. Just in case!
A: But it (never, rain) ............................... here in July.
B: Oh, well. You (never, know) ............................... Today might be different!
5. Nearly everybody in this town (work) ............................. at the local car
factory. In
fact, the company (rely) ............................ on the townspeople for its workforce,
so, to stop them looking elsewhere, it (pay) .............................. really well and
(provide) ............................ lots of extra facilities. Currently, it (build)
...................................... a
play-centre for the children of the working mothers.
6. I (7ook) .............................. like our mother and my sister (take)
...................................... after our father, but our brother (not resemble)
...................................... either
of them.
7. Prices
(rise) ............................. so quickly nowadays that we (even, consider)
...................................... selling our car just to keep up.
8. Mum (weigh) ............................ herself again because she (try)
...................................... to lose weight in time for her holiday next month.
9. My brother (weigh) ................................ about 70 kg, but he (seem)
...................................... heavier because he (a/ways, wear)
.............................. such
bulky clothes.
10. These cultivated roses (look) ............................. so beautiful, but they (not smell)
...................................... at all.
11. Our guests (arrive) ............................. shortly, and Sarah (still,
wrap)
...................................... the
presents.
12. Jack is
lucky. He (listen) .............................. to Brahms's music live at the Albert
Hall
at this very moment while we (sit) .............................. here in the office
listening to the BBC orchestra on
the radio.
13. This powdered pudding is strawberry flavour, but actually, it (not
taste)
fruity at all.
14. The Earth (get) ............................. warmer and warmer, which (raise)
...................................... the sea-level.
15. What lovely quality this baby outfit is! It (feel] .............................. nice and thick.
16. A: You (look) ................................. very
worried. I (hope) ..............................
nothing bad has happened!
B: Well, I've broken Grandma's favourite mug, and now I (think)
............................ about how to explain
it to her.
17. Don't worry about your dog. The vet (feel) ............................. his legs to check that
nothing is broken.
18. A: Why...................... you (sniff] ............................ like that?
B: I (try) ......................................... to decide what perfume you
(wear)
...................................... at the moment.
A: Oh, it's Givenchy - lan's present
for Christmas.
B: It (smell\.......................................... wonderful.
19. A snake's skin (look) ........................................... slimy, but it (not, fee/)
...................................... slimy at all.
20. The conditions these Afghan refugees (endure)........................................................ in these
troubled times are appalling.
21. At the moment, the judge (see) ............................................. both the Defendant's lawyer
and the Claimant's lawyer
privately in his chamber.
22. A: ....................... you (think) ............................. you (have) .......................................... any chance
of winning this chess match?
B: Yes, I (see)........................................... a number of good moves that I
can make from
this position.
· Etiketler
|
ı.
|
DÜŞÜNMEYE İLİŞKİN FULLER (MENTAL STATE)
think *
realize
understand suppose notice feel believe recognize doubt imagine know remember
|
forget mean
want need prefer
|
|
2.
|
DUYGU BELİKTEN FULLER (EMOTIONAL STATE)
love dislike loathe hate appreciate fear like detest envy
|
mind wish care forgive desire
|
|
3.
|
SAHİPLİK BİLDİREN FiiLLER (POSSESSION)
possess have * own
|
belong
|
|
4.
|
DUYU FİİLLERİ (SENSE PERCEPTIONS)
see * hear smell*
|
taste *
feel *
|
|
5.
|
DİĞER DURUM BİLDİREN FULLER
look * owe be * seem cost exist appear* weigh * advise
|
promise
consist of refuse include contain sound
|
* Yanında yıldız olan fiiller, farklı bir anlam
taşıdıkları zaman, sürerlik bildiren tense'lerle kullanılabilirler.
· Etiketler
Şimdi bu iki tense'i
karşılaştıralım.
a) Konuşmanın geçtiği anda ya da o
sıralarda yapmakta olduğumuz işleri Present Continuous ile (I am doing); genelde
yaptığımız işleri, alışkanlıklarımızı ise Simple Present ile (/ do) ifade
ettiğimizi belirtmiştik.
Father is in his room now. He is resting, (now)
Father always rests in his room in the afternoon, (simple present)
I want to concentrate on my
studies, so I'm not playing volleyball this year. I usually play volleyball
at the weekend. I don't play on weekdays.
b) Live ve work fiilleri ile sürekli
oturduğumuz/çalıştığımız yeri ifade ediyorsak, geniş
zaman kullanılır.
-
Where do you
five?
- I live in Istanbul.
-
Where does your
father work?
-
He works for a construction company.
Ancak, geçici
olarak ikamet ettiğimiz/çalıştığımız yeri şimdiki zamanla belirtiriz.
I moved to istanbul last week, and I'm living with a friend
for the time being. His company sent him abroad for a month, and now
he is working in Kuwait.
c) Bazı fuller sürerlik bildiren tense'lerle (/ am doing, I was doing, I have been doing, etc.)
kullanılmazlar.
Bu fuller, konuşma sırasında bizzat yapılmakta olan bir eylem (action)
bildirmezler, durum ifade ederler.
"I'm writing now."
ifadesinde,
write fiili bir eylem bildirir. Yani benim
şu anda yapmakta olduğum
bir işi ifade eder.
"/ know
English." ifadesinde ise know fiili bir eylem bildirmez. Yani, kişinin yapmakta olduğu bir işi değil,
statik bir durum bildirir.
Durum bildiren
fiillerin Simple Present ve Present Continuous için kullanımları aynıdır.
When I get up in the
morning, I want to drink coffee, (simple present) I'm very
thirsty. I want to drink something, (now)
People need money
in order to live, (simple present) I need some money. Can
you lend me some? (now)
· Etiketler
a) Bu tense ile, genelde yaptığımız işleri,
alışkanlıklarımızı anlatırız ve always, sometimes,
never, often vb. sıklık bildiren zarfların yanı sıra, every
day, every month, every year, every summer gibi zaman zarflarını
sıkça kullanırız.
-
What time do you usually
get up?
-
I usually get up at seven o'clock.
-
Does she always get up early?
-
Not a/ways. She sometimes
gets up very late.
-
How often do you go
to the cinema?
-
I go to the cinema
every weekend/once a week/three times a year, etc.
- How often does your brother write to you?
-
He writes to me very often.
b)
Frequency Adverbs (Sıklık bildiren zaman
zarflan)
always.................................................... all the time (hep, her zaman)
almost always/nearly always.................. almost/nearly all the time, (hemen her zaman)
very often ............................................... (çok sık)
usually/generally ................................. (genellikle)
often/frequently ................................... (sık sık)
sometimes/occasionally ........................ from lime to time (bazen, ara sıra)
rarely/seldom........................................ (ender, nadiren,
seyrek)
hardly
ever/scarcely ever/almost never........... (hemen hemen hiç)
never ................................................... (hiç, hiç bir zaman,
asla)
Yardımcı fiil bulunmayan olumlu cümlelerde bu zarflar asıl fiilden önce,
yani özne ile yüklem arasında yer alır.
She a/ways sings in English. . .
I sometimes feel
depressed. They seldom go to the theatre.
Bu zarflar
"am, Is, are" dan sonra gelir.
I sometimes go to work late./I am
sometimes late for work.
Sıklık bildiren zarfların olumsuz cümledeki yeri değişiktir. Always daima olumsuzluk eki
"not" dan sonra gelir.
I don't always get up
early.
She doesn't a/ways study
very hard.
They aren't always late
for class.
frequently,
sometimes ve occasionally olumsuzluk ekinden önce gelir.
I sometimes don't want to be with people.
She frequently doesn't want to do her homework.
They sometimes aren't
ready on time.
She occasionally isn't polite to the people around her.
NOT€.................................................................................................
Birinci tekil şahıs için bu kural geçerli değildir. Zarf, yardımcı fiil "am" ile "not" arasında yer alır.
I'm sometimes not patient enough with children.
usually, generally ve often her
iki
durumda da kullanılır.
They usually don't
go out on Sundays./They don't usually go out on Sundays.
We often don't watch TV./We don't often watch TV.
They generally aren't awake till 1 la.m./They aren't generally awake till 1 la.m.
rarely, seldom,
hardly ever, almost never ve never olumsuz cümlede kullanılmaz. Bu zarflar sadece olumlu cümlede
kullanılır, ancak olumsuz bir anlam taşır.
I hardly ever go to the
theatre. (Tiyatroya hemen
hemen hiç gitmem.)
I'm hardly ever nervous before
an exam.
(Bir sınav öncesinde
neredeyse hiç heyecanlanmam.)
She never comes to her classes
on time.
She is never on time for her classes. (Derslerine asla/hiç
vaktinde gelmez.)
Olumlu
anlam taşıyan sıklık zarflarını (usually, generally, often, frequently,
sometimes, occasionally) dilbilgisi kurallarına uygun bu kullanımlarının yanı
sıra, cümlede vurguyu artırmak için, cümlenin başında da kullanabiliriz.
Özellikle sometimes bu şekilde çok sık kullanılır.
Sometimes I get angry easily. Occasionally I don't need
to get up early. Usually they spend too much money on luxuries.
Occasionally ve
sometimes, cümle sonunda da
yer alabilir.
I go to the theatre occasionally.
He is a bit lazy sometimes.
Often, özellikle
quite ve very ile birlikte kullanıldığında cümle sonunda da yer
alabilir.
We come to this restaurant quite
often.
Do you catch colds often?
I don't watch television very
often.
Rarely ve seldom, özellikle only, very ve quite ile birlikte
kullanıldığında, cümle sonunda yer alabilir.
I eat
meat very seldom.
She smokes cigars quite rarefy.
NOT€-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ,
Always bu şekilde
cümle başında ya da sonunda yer almaz.
Olumsuz anlam taşıyan sıklık zarflan (rarely, seldom, hardly ever,
scarcely ever, never] cümlenin
başına geldiği zaman cümle devrik olur.
I never eat fish................................... Never do I eat fish.
He rarely smokes............................... Rarely
does he smoke.
You seldom make mistakes................. Seldom do you
make mistakes.
She scarcely ever visits us.................. Scarcely ever does
she visit us.
Ever olumlu veya olumsuz soruda kullanılır ve hiç anlamını
verir. Olumsuz cümlede hiç demek için do not ever yerine never kullanılır.
-
Do you ever smoke?
-
No, I never smoke.
-
Don't you ever help
your mother?
-
Yes, I help her when
I have time.
c) Doğa kanunlarını, her zaman geçerliliği olan doğruları ve genellemeleri
bu tense ile
ifade ederiz.
A diamond is a precious stone. Water consists of oxygen and hydrogen. The Earth revolves round the Sun. Plants need
water in order to grow. Water boils at 100 degrees
centigrade. Wood floats in water but iron sinks.
d) "What
do you do?" sorusu kişinin
neyle uğraştığını, işini sorar. Yani "Wfoar
is your
job/occupation?" sorusu ile aynı
anlamdadır.
-
What do you do?
-
I'm a teacher.
-
What does your father do?
-
He is an accountant.
"What do you do?" sorusunu bir zaman
zarfıyla kullanırsak, "sözü edilen zamanda ne yaparsın" anlamına gelir.
-
What do you do at
the weekends?
- I usually meet friends.
-
What does your father
do in the evening's?
-
He reads his newspaper
or watches television.
e) "Why
don't..... ?" kalıbı birine öneri getirirken kullanılır.
-
I have a headache.
-
Why don't you take an aspirin?
-
We have nothing to eat
at home.
-
Why don't we go out for dinner?
f) Sinema, tiyatro gibi etkinliklerin başlama ve
bitiş saatlerini, ders programlarını ya da
uçak, tren, otobüs tarifelerini belirtirken, geniş zamanı gelecek zaman
anlamıyla kullanabiliriz.
The buses start at 6 a.m. and stop at 12 a.m. every day. (simple
present) The train to Ankara leaves at 9 a.m. tomorrow and arrives there at 6 p.m. (future)
Our classes usually begin at 9 and finish at
12. (simple present) . My class begins at
9 tomorrow and finishes at 12. (future)
ğ) Gazete manşetlerinde, normalde past tense ile
aktarılması gereken (olmuş, gerçekleşmiş)
olaylar. Simple Present Tense ile aktarılır.
A live bomb blows up a
shopping centre in Israel.(=blew up)
A coach collides with a
train in India: hundreds killed and hundreds more
wounded. (=collided)
· Etiketler
english sentence
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I get up early.
You go on holiday every year.
He studies hard.
She cleans the house herself.
It stands in the corner.
We keep our promises.
You like animals.
They help people around.
I don't get up early. Do I get up early?
You don't go on holiday every year. Do you go on holiday every year?
He doesn't
study hard. Does he study hard?
She doesn't clean the house
herself. Does she clean the house herself?
It doesn't stand
in the corner. Does it stand in the corner?
|
Do we keep our promises?
Do you like animals?
Do they help people around?
|
We don't keep our promises.
You don't like animals.
They don't help people around.
Üçüncü tekil şahıs
için (he/she/it) fiil, olumlu cümlede -s
takısı alır.
He reads a lot.
She buys a newspaper regularly.
The cat drinks only milk in the morning.
Olumsuz
cümlede ve soruda, yani "does" ya da "doesn't' bulunan
cümlelerde fiil daima yalındır.
He doesn't read a lot.
She doesn't buy a
newspaper every day.
Does the cat drink milk in the morning?
"have" fiilinin üçüncü
şahıs biçimi "has" dir. Ancak, soruda ve olumsuz cümlede fiilin yalın hali "have" kullanılır.
- Do you have a
bath every day?
- Yes, I do. (I have a bath every day.)
- Does your son have a bath every
day?
- Yes, he does. (He has a bath every day.)
- Does your father have breakfast in the morning?
No, he doesn't. (He doesn't
have breakfast in the morning.)
· Etiketler
english sentence
a) Bu tense ile temel
olarak içinde bulunduğumuz anda yapmakta olduğumuz eylemleri
anlatırız. Zamanı pekiştirmek için ise now, right now, at the moment, at present, still
gibi zaman zarflan
kullanırız.
Mother is in the
kitchen now. She is cooking dinner.
-
Where is your sister?
- I think she is writing a letter in her room.
Listen! They are
talking about us. Can you hear what they are saying?
b) Konuşmanın geçtiği sırada eylemi yapıyor
olmasak bile, o sıralarda yapmakta
olduğumuz işleri de bu tense ile anlatırız ve nowadays, these days, this
term, this year,
this month, this semester, at the moment
("şu sıralar" anlamında)
gibi zaman zarfları
kullanırız.
-
How many courses are you taking
this term?
- I'm taking five courses.
-
I haven't seen Peter recently. Have you?
-
No, but I talked to
him on the phone last Saturday. He is very busy these
days. He is redecorating his
house by himself.
c) Değişmekte olan durumları, olayları bu
tense ile anlatırız.
"Everything is
expensive. (Her şey pahalı.)" cümlesi, fiyatların o anki durumunu
anlatır. Fakat, "Everything is getting
more and more expensive. (Her şey gittikçe pahalılaşıyor.)" ifadesi, fiyatların sürekli
değiştiğini, yükseldiğini gösterir.
It is cold. (Hava soğuk.)
It is getting colder. (Hava gittikçe
soğuyor.)
The economic situation in Turkey
is very bad. (Türkiye'nin ekonomik durumu çok kötü.) The economic situation in Turkey is getting worse.
(Türkiye'nin
ekonomik durumu gittikçe kötüleşiyor.)
d) Bu tense'i, "always"
ve aynı anlamı veren benzer zarflarla (perpetually, repeatedly,
continually,
forever, constantly) kullanarak, tekrarlanan eylemleri vurgulayabilir, ya da
yakınma ve hoşnutsuzluk ifade
edebiliriz.
I'm a/ways hearing
strange things about him.
You're a/ways making mistakes.
Be more careful.
You're constantly smoking at the dinner
table. Can't you go somewhere else?
e) Bu tense'i, tomorrow,
next week, next year, next summer gibi gelecek zaman
zarflarıyla,
gelecekte yapmayı planladığımız eylemleri anlatmak için de kullanırız.
I'm meeting Ann next
Saturday. They are giving a
party next month. She is
leaving Istanbul in two days.
Örneklerde
görüldüğü gibi, cümle yapı olarak şimdiki zamana, anlam olarak ise gelecek zamana aittir. Aynı kullanım Türkçe'de de vardır
ve bu cümleleri Türkçe'ye, gelecek zaman ya da şimdiki zaman yapısında
çevirmemiz mümkündür. Son örneği şu şekilde çevirebiliriz:
İki gün sonra İstanbul'dan ayrılıyor. (İki
gün sonra İstanbul'dan ayrılacak.)
· Etiketler
english sentence
FORM
|
Affirmative
|
Negative
|
Interrogative
|
|
I am writing now. You are reading a
book. He/She/It is eating lunch.
We are listening to music. You
are working hard. They are discussing their financial problems.
|
I am not writing now. You are not reading
a book. He/She/It is not eating lunch.
We are not listening to music. You are not working hard. They are not
discussing their financial problems.
|
Am I writing now? Are you reading a
book? Is he/she/it eating lunch?
Are we listening to music? Are you working hard? Are they discussing
their financial problems?
|
Olumsuz soruyu iki şekilde sorabiliriz.
Am I not trying to help you? or
Are you not helping
your mother? or
Is she not studying
English? or
Are we not leaving for
class now? or
Are you not watching
the film? or
Are they not having
breakfast? or
Aren't I trying to help you? Aren't you helping your
mother? Isn't she studying
English?
Aren't we leaving for class now? Aren't you watching the film? Aren't they
having breakfast?
SPELLING
OF -ING
|
Sonu -e ile biten fiiller
|
write
writing admire admiring hope hoping hide
hiding
|
shave shaving amaze
amazing dine dining ride
riding
|
Sonu -e ile biten fiillere -Ing takısı
eklenirken -e düşer.*
|
|
Sonu bir sesli harf +bir sessiz harfle biten fiiller
|
TEK HECELİ FİİLLER stop stopping beg
begging sit sitting
|
run running rub rubbing set setting
|
Bu gruba giren tek heceli fiillerde,
sondaki sessiz harf çift
yazılır.
|
|
|
İKİ HECELİ FİİLLER a) listen listening happen
happening 3) prefer
preferring refer referring
|
open opening ripen ripening begin beginning control controlling
|
Vurgu 1. hecedeyse, sondaki
sessiz harf tek yazılır; 2.
hecedeyse çift yazılır.
|
|
Sonu -y ile biten fiiller
|
study
studying reply replying try trying
|
play playing buy buying enjoy enjoying
|
-y ile biten fiillere -Ing takısı eklenirken yazımda
değişiklik olmaz.
|
|
Sonu -ie ile biten fiiller
|
die dying lie fying tie
lying
|
-ie -y' ye dönüşür ve -Ing eklenir.
|
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Sonu iki sessiz harfle biten fiiller
|
stand standing hold holding spend
spending
|
start
starting find finding bend
bending
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İki sessizle biten fiillere -Ing eklenirken yazımda değişiklik
olmaz.
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* Sonu -ee biçiminde biten fiiller -Ing takısı
alırken -e düşmez: see-seeing, agree-agreeing, free-freeing.
· Etiketler
english sentence
Sözcükleri
rastgele bir araya getirerek cümle kuramayız. Cümle kurabilmemiz için mutlaka
bir fiile
ihtiyacımız vardır. "Be fiili,
"come, go, study, eat, become" vb. gibi asıl fiilimiz olmadığı zaman cümle kurmamızı
sağlar. "Be" fiilinin şimdiki
zaman ve geniş zaman biçimi aynıdır ve bu tense'lerle "am, is, are" biçiminde
kullanılır.
Singular Subject Pronouns
I am
You are
He/She/It is
Plural Subject Pronouns
We are You are They are
I am always nervous before an exam, (general)
I am nervous now, because I'm taking an exam in half an hour, (present)
a) "Be" fiilini asıl fiil
olarak kullanabileceğimiz başlıca üç kalıp vardır:
a) be + noun b) be + adjective c) be + prepositional phrase
I am a teacher. They are students. She is a Turk. Today is Tuesday.
He is tall.
The world is round. They are intelligent.
It's very hot today.
They are at home. Jane is from England. She is at the
bus-stop. We are in the classroom.
b)
"Be", yardımcı fiil olarak sürerlik
bildiren tense'lerle de kullanılır.
I am writing now.
She is reading the
newspaper.
They are
listening to music.
· Etiketler
the english verb tenses
ENGLISH SENTENCE
İngilizce bir cümlede sözcük dizimi, Türkçe sözcük diziminden farklıdır.
Türkçe bir cümlede yüklem cümlenin sonunda yer alır ve özneyi de içinde barındırır.
Yukarıdaki
cümleyi, "İngilizce çalışırım." biçiminde de ifade edebiliriz
ve ikinci cümlede özneyi açık olarak göremediğimiz halde, öznenin 1. tekil şahıs
olduğunu yüklemdeki -m takısından anlarız. Bu durum ingilizce için geçerli
değildir. Yani ingilizce bir cümlede yüklem özneyi belli etmez. Bu yüzden,
cümleye özne ile başlamak zorundayız. Formüle edilmiş olarak ingilizce cümle düzeni şöyledir:
"İngilizce
çalışırım." cümlesini
İngilizce'de, "J study English." biçiminde ifade
edebiliriz.